THE GENOCIDE OF THE PONTIAN GREEKS

Παρουσίαση

There can be no doubt that the Genocide of the Black Sea Greeks has not received the recognition it should. This must be attributed to a number of factors. Firstly, the focus of Greek historiography on the territories comprising the modern Greek state gave rise to a dominant ideology which assigned primary importance to this area and the cultural, social, and economic conditions that govern its structures and workings. Such a view, however, ignores the essential fact that Hellenism once extended far beyond the present borders of the Greek state, and that this was both its strength and its weakness. It was a strength in that it represented and continues to represent a singular dynamism capable of reproducing itself and charting a sure course into the future, but it was a weakness as its extent, roots, underpinnings, and dimensions, being limitless, were are also fluid, taking on new forms and fertilizing other civilizations, transforming them in the process. This same fluidity explains how the contribution of Hellenism has often been overlooked by those that benefited from it within the context of the birth of their nation states. [...] (From the publisher)

Περιεχόμενα

INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE BLACK SEA GREEKS
Pontos in antiquity
The empire of the Comneni of Trebizond
Ottoman rule in Pontos
The Greek-speaking Muslims of Pontos
Forced Islamization in the 20th century
The crypto-Christians of Pontos
Pontos during the era of reforms
Democracy in Pontos
The Hellenism of Russia
THE ETHNOLOGICAL SITUATION IN PONTOS
FROM OTTOMAN REFORMS TO GENOCIDE
THE GENOCIDE OF THE BLACK SEA GREEKS, 1908-1914
The Young Turk revolution and the Greeks of Asia Minor
The parliamentary elections of 1908
The conscription of the Christians
The education issue
The ideology of the Young Turks
"Ottomans to arms!''
The first Balkan War. The position of the Christians in Asia Minor
The Ottoman parliament. The position of Greek politicians in Asia Minor
German policy in Asia Minor
The issue of refugees in Asia Minor
The Young Turk anti-Greek boycott
The issue of refugees in Pontos
The Patriarchate in mourning: churches and schools closed down
World War I
The work battalions
Establishment of rescue partisan groups
THE GENOCIDE OF THE GREEK PONTIANS DURING THE YOUNG TURK ERA (1915-1918)
German Policy in Asia Minor (1915)
The relocation and Liman von Sanders
The persecution of Greeks as described in German and Austrian documents
The policy of military taxation. The work battalions
The death marches
Topal Osman appears in an official capacity
The Church under fire: the privileges of the Ecumenical Patriarchate removed. Forced Islamizations
The fate of the monasteries and convents of Pontos
Guerrilla warfare in Pontos
German and Austrian policy in Asia Minor (1917)
Russian policy regarding the Pontian issue
Greece's entry into World War I
The persecution spreads
The Armenianization of the Pontian Greeks
The backlash escalates
FROM THE YOUNG TURKS TO MUSTAFA KEMAL
Developments in Pontos during the Mudros Truce
Results of the four-year term
The future of the ethnic groups following the armistice. Expectations and disappointments
Diplomatic moves at the Peace Congress for Hellenism in Anatolia
Pontian reactions to Venizelos' plan. Pontian reports and accusations at the peace conference
The defence offered by the Sultan's delegation
The Great Powers' policy in Asia Minor (1919)
The Greek landings in Smyrna
The plight of the Pontian Greeks in 1919 until the arrival of Mustafa Kemal
THE "GREY WOLF" AND THE POLICY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING
The arrival of Mustafa Kemal in Samsun. The establishment of his movement
The Erzerum Congress (July 23-August 7, 1919)
The Kemalist National Congress of Sivas (September 4-11.1919.)
The rise of Kemalist nationalism
Turkish fanaticism
The Greek forces. The Pontian diaspora
THE RISE OF KEMALIST NATIONALISM UP TO THE TREATY OF SEVRES
The persecution of the Pontian Greeks - 1919
The position of the refugees
British documents and British policy of 1919 regarding Pontos
Foreign Responsibilities
Diplomatic developments and Venizelos' part in the Pontian Question'
The Pontian Question during Venizelos' government
French policy reversal following the Bolshevik victory. The Grand National Assembly of Turkey opens negotiations with the Bolsheviks
The Catastrophe of Nikaia (Iznik), Ada Pazar and Nikomedia (Izmit)
Mustafa Kemal - Topal Osman: Parallel lives
The purges in Pontos until the signing of the Treaty of Sevres
The Treaty of Sevres and reactions to it
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOLLOWING THE TREATY OF SEVRES
Greek and foreign attempts to save Pontos
Proposal for landings on Pontos
Mobilization of the united Pontian leadership. Meeting with E. Venizelos
The 1920 electoral defeat of Venizelos' government. The rise of the royalists. Consequences for Greece. Kemalist Bolshevik collaboration
The Pontians of America
Political developments. The Great Powers revise their policy and approach Kemal
The Soviet-Kemalist friendship and comradeship agreement
THE MARTYRS OF 1921
Death by hanging
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